计量科学与技术

Metrological Requirements and Challenges in Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technologies for Achieving Carbon Neutrality

MO Xinyue, BI Zhe, FAN Xiaohui, CAI Donglv, WEI Qiuye, WANG Honghong, ZHAO Xinrui

2023, 67(9): 3-14. doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2023.0249

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In the context of carbon neutrality objectives, the Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) system, a vital method for emissions reduction, is expected to be deployed more rapidly and extensively in China. It is anticipated to integrate into the carbon trading market. Key aspects such as flow measurement, composition analysis, CO₂ leakage detection, process control, and efficiency evaluation play critical roles in influencing the technical costs, operational safety, regulatory compliance, and environmental impact of CCUS projects. Effective measurement and monitoring are essential for the regulatory framework of CCUS. Metrology and testing technologies are imperative for providing accurate assessments of the economic viability, effectiveness, sustainability, and safety of CCUS processes, along with their carbon emission reduction impact. This paper investigates the advancements in metrology and testing technologies in the CCUS sector, both domestically and internationally. It analyzes the metrological challenges encountered in various stages of CCUS, including process control, purity analysis, and leakage detection. We summarize the specific measurement and testing needs in CCUS development and propose recommendations to enhance metrological support for the future progression of CCUS.

Advancements in Carbon Reduction and Metrology Technologies in Response to China's Dual Carbon Goals

ZHOU Fengran, SHU Hui, YANG Yangzhongfu, WANG Defa, ZHANG Tiqiang, HAN Zhongjie, XIE Conghui, WANG Ningfei

2023, 67(9): 15-24. doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2023.0253

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The excessive emission of greenhouse gases has led to a surge in extreme weather events and natural disasters, necessitating a shift to low-carbon development. In 2020, China set forth the strategic dual carbon goals of 'carbon peaking' and 'carbon neutrality' to foster low-carbon growth. Since the implementation of these goals, guided by the '1+N' policy framework, China has made significant strides in carbon emission reduction. However, balancing high-quality economic growth while striving to meet these dual carbon objectives remains a formidable challenge. This paper analyzes the current application of carbon reduction and metrology technologies in achieving these goals, summarizing key research areas to alleviate the pressures associated with their realization. The study encompasses both domestic and international carbon reduction technologies, focusing on lowering greenhouse gas warming potentials, reducing radiative forcing, and controlling carbon emissions. A primary research focus identified is the development of safe, reliable clean alternative energy sources. Metrology technology plays a crucial role in supporting China’s dual carbon initiatives and ensuring that carbon emission data align with international standards. The paper explores the progress of metrology technology in areas such as greenhouse gas monitoring, carbon emission accounting, low global warming potential (GWP) gas development, and international greenhouse gas comparisons. Key research directions include establishing a metrology system for greenhouse gas monitoring and traceability, enhancing carbon emission metrology methods, and leveraging uncertainty assessment in various tasks. Special attention is required for the development and application of metrology technology in formulating low GWP chemicals. Challenges such as resolving measurement biases due to matrix gases and accurately measuring target impurity gas concentrations in feed gases are highlighted as critical areas for future international greenhouse gas comparison efforts.

Advancements in the Detection Methods of Food-Borne Pseudomonas Cocovenenans and Its Exotoxins

LI Huijie, CHEN Guifang, GAO Yunhua, YANG Jiayi, DONG Lianhua

2023, 67(9): 25-31. doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2023.0135

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Pseudomonas cocovenenans, a gram-negative bacterium, predominantly grows on the surface of agricultural products like fermented grains, potato products, spoiled Tremella fuciformis (white fungus), and Auricularia auricula (wood ear fungus). This bacterium produces bongkrekic acid and toxoflavin, toxic substances that compromise the quality and safety of agricultural products. Its exotoxins affect vital human organs such as the brain and kidneys, causing significant harm to the digestive and nervous systems, and in some cases, lead to fatal outcomes, occasionally reaching a 100% fatality rate in individual instances. This paper outlines the pathogenic mechanism and molecular typing methods of Pseudomonas cocovenenans and provides a systematic review of the research progress in detection methods for the bacterium and its exotoxins. Furthermore, the paper discusses future research directions, aiming to serve as a reference for ongoing studies on Pseudomonas cocovenenans.

Advancements in Nucleic Acid Metrology Techniques and Certified Reference Materials

GAO Yunhua, FEI Yue, WANG Zhidong, LU Song, CHEN Xian, WANG Di

2023, 67(9): 32-39. doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2023.0231

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, nucleic acid and its detection technologies became widely recognized among the general population, driven by the need for effective prevention and control measures. This period saw rapid advancements in nucleic acid testing technologies and products, boosting their quality and development. Consequently, there has been an increased focus on improving nucleic acid metrology technologies and the development of certified reference materials, with researchers setting new benchmarks. This review summarizes the current principles, features, and prospective applications of qualitative and quantitative nucleic acid measurement technologies. It highlights the existing shortcomings and potential for growth in nucleic acid metrology research. Moreover, the article systematically reviews the development of nucleic acid certified reference materials, analyzing the varieties, valuation techniques, and field application demands. Finally, the review discusses the emerging opportunities and challenges facing the evolution of nucleic acid metrology technology and certified reference materials.

Current Status of Detection Methods and Reference Materials for Food Sweeteners

PENG Zijuan, BO Meng, WU Xue, LIANG Wenlin

2023, 67(9): 40-48. doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2023.0223

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Amidst the rising popularity of low-sugar diets, the safety concerns surrounding the production and usage of food-grade sweeteners persist. Studies have linked excessive use of sweeteners to various metabolic risks, biotoxicity, and even environmental pollution. Monitoring sweeteners in foods and the environment, as well as advancing the research of relevant reference materials, is thus crucial for ensuring food safety and ecological well-being. In accordance with China's 'Standards for the Use of Food Additives,' permitted sweeteners include natural sweeteners, sulfonamide sweeteners, dipeptide sweeteners, and sucralose. These sweeteners differ in solubility, stability, and toxicity levels. Liquid chromatography emerges as a universal method for detecting sweeteners, where the selection of an appropriate detector, specific to the sweetener's structure, is vital for accurate results. By systematizing the physicochemical properties and analytical methods of various sweeteners, valuable insights can be provided for the development of corresponding reference materials. Research reveals that more than 13 types of sweetener reference materials/standards are available internationally, including 6 types of natural sweeteners, 4 types of sulfonamide sweeteners, and 3 types of dipeptide sweeteners. In contrast, China has certified reference materials for only six types of sweeteners (D-mannitol, sodium cyclamate, saccharin sodium, acesulfame, sucralose, and alitame). The absence of certified materials for many natural and dipeptide sweeteners fails to meet the national demand in food testing sectors. With the increasing variety of new sweeteners, continuous research and improvements in detection technologies and reference material varieties are necessary. Such efforts are imperative for effectively monitoring food quality and ensuring food safety. The challenges lie in keeping up with the evolving variety of sweeteners and ensuring that the detection methods and reference materials are up to date and comprehensive.

Multi-Component Gas Monitoring System Based on an Long-Path Gas Cell

YAN Zeyu, SUN Zuo, FEI Ning, LIU Tao, WAN Tao, LIU Bangxue

2023, 67(9): 49-55. doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2023.0240

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To address the monitoring needs of low-concentration multi-component hazardous gases in industrial environments and reduce the size of measurement instruments, a long-path gas absorption cell using the White cell structure was developed. This cell aims to lower the detection limit, enabling the detection of low-concentration multi-component hazardous gases. This paper discusses the design, working principles, and simulation results of the long-path gas absorption cell, as well as the setup of the optical experimental platform, selection of the infrared light source, and infrared pyroelectric detectors. Experiments based on this setup were conducted, and the least squares method was employed to derive concentration inversion models for various gases. These models were validated using different combinations of standard gases, and the relative errors of the experimental results were calculated. The results indicate that the designed multi-component hazardous gas online monitoring instrument can detect concentrations as low as 5 μL/L with a measurement error of ≤±5%F.S. (full scale), meeting the needs for low-concentration multi-component hazardous gas measurements.

In-Situ Spectral Measurement and Study of Pantograph-Catenary Arcing in Subway Systems

MENG Haifeng, WANG Meng, DAI Yuanting, ZHANG Junchao, WEI Zhiheng, XIONG Limin

2023, 67(9): 56-60, 48. doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2023.0228

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To enhance the dynamic and performance testing of subway pantograph-catenary systems, particularly in the standard measurement of arcing, a fiber optic spectrometer-based in-situ spectral testing system has been developed. This system is designed for real-time measurement of the characteristic spectra of spontaneous and intermittent arcing in subway operations. This paper presents the design and laboratory wavelength calibration of the subway pantograph-catenary arcing spectral in-situ testing system. Subsequently, real-time experiments were conducted at subway operation sites. By using in-situ measurement data from a specific Beijing subway line and integrating train operation monitoring parameters, the characteristic spectra of pantograph-catenary arcing were extracted and analyzed. The results indicate distinct spectral features of subway arcing, differing from natural sunlight and ordinary lighting, in the range of 220–225 nm with a peak wavelength at 224.6 nm. These findings provide empirical data to address discrepancies in spectral characteristic wavelengths between international and national standards and academic papers, offering significant guidance for the selection, development, and calibration of China’s subway pantograph-catenary arcing monitoring systems.

Exploration and Analysis of Traceability and Calibration Methods for DC Shunt Verification Devices

ZHU Caiyi, LUO Ying, LI Hua, CHEN Chuan

2023, 67(9): 61-68, 39. doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2023.0258

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To ensure the effective traceability of DC shunt verification devices, thus guaranteeing the accuracy and reliability of both the device and the DC shunts it measures, this paper delineates the wide-range, high-current traceability relationships for DC energy. It introduces the working principles of each measuring instrument in the traceability chain, with a focus on the traceability standards and calibration methods of the DC shunt verification device. The paper also discusses and analyzes key technologies for precise measurement of large DC currents and small-signal DC voltages, such as precision I/V conversion and multiple-slope integral analog-to-digital conversion techniques. An example of uncertainty evaluation for measurement results is provided. The proposed methods offer technical support for the development of clean energy infrastructure and ensure fair energy trading. This field warrants further in-depth study based on the discussions and analyses presented.

Analysis and Review of Metrological Specifications for General-Purpose Oscilloscopes

LIANG Zhiguo, SHANG Jiashang

2023, 67(9): 69-74. doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2023.0226

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This article provides a comprehensive review of the current effective verification regulations and calibration specifications for general-purpose oscilloscopes, encompassing both analog and digital types. It systematically analyzes the metrological calibration and verification items, technical concepts, and measurement characteristics of each oscilloscope category. For analog oscilloscopes, calibration has traditionally relied on the direct reading method from screen waveforms, reflecting the combined effects of input probes, channel amplifiers, scanning circuits, high-voltage electron guns, and cathode ray tube displays. The transient nature of these waveforms makes it challenging to obtain comprehensive and effective measurements through methods other than direct screen reading. Conversely, digital oscilloscopes, built on A/D sampling technology, focus mainly on input channel amplifiers, sampling circuits, and A/D converters, with their display performance being less relevant. The measurement results, represented as saved sampling waveform sequences, allow for calibration through both direct screen reading and digital signal processing via computers. The article discusses the strengths and weaknesses of verification regulations and calibration specifications for both oscilloscope types, considering the comprehensiveness and accuracy of technical indicators, the difficulty of calibration methods and techniques, the appropriateness of automatic calibration methods, and the range of standard instruments required. The analysis provides a reference for the application, revision, improvement, and future metrological research of these regulations and specifications.

2023 Vol. 67, No. 9

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