Abstract: This paper reviews the requirements of microbial measurement and the current development of metrological techniques for microbiology in domestic and overseas. Firstly, this paper focuses on the development of microbial precision measurement technology and microbial reference materials. Combined with actual cases, an important role of metrological techniques for microbiology is demonstrated in the application of several fields, including food safety, biopharmaceutical, biological safety protection performance evaluation and so on. Finally, the development trend of the microbiology metrology is prospected to provide reference for subsequent study in future.