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Vol. 68, No. 6 06 2024
monthly CN 10-1696/TB ISSN 2096-9015
Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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Abstract:
With the advent of the digital age, algorithms increasingly dominate the development of various industries and the emergence of new sectors, giving rise to a digital economy-led industrial landscape. Metrology, as the science of measurement and its application, is rapidly entering the digital era, with the promotion of digital transformation in the metrology industry becoming a top priority. Consequently, evaluating the accuracy and reliability of algorithmic software outputs has become a focal point of current research. This paper employs a digital metrology method based on reference data, using the output of a leukemia recognition algorithm software applied to patient clinical test data as the measurement result. It establishes an evaluation model for the leukemia recognition algorithm, outlines the specific process for assessing measurement uncertainty, and calculates the combined standard uncertainty of the measurand.
Abstract:
As the number of vehicles in China continues to increase, pollution from automobile exhaust has become increasingly severe. To control environmental pollution, China promulgated the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People's Republic of China" as early as 1987. In 2013, the European Union released the Euro VI standard (EURO VI A-VI D). China, drawing on the Euro VI standard and considering its national conditions, issued GB 18352.6-2016 "Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles (China 6)" (hereinafter referred to as the China VI standard) in 2016, which was implemented in phases starting from January 2020. This standard has set new requirements for the regulation and quality control traceability of automobile exhaust emissions. This article compares the differences in emission quality control requirements between the China V and China VI standards, and introduces the measurement methods for updated emission-limited pollutants in the China VI standard, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), nitrous oxide (N2O), particle number (PN), and particulate matter (PM). It also describes China's exhaust emission detection and traceability technology from the aspects of developing national gas reference materials, establishing measurement standards, and founding national automobile testing centers. The analysis shows that existing capabilities and technical levels cannot meet some emission detection requirements in the China VI standard. The article proposes areas in current traceability technology that need further optimization, such as the condensation particle counter in particle number (PN) measurement instruments. It points out that research and improvement should be accelerated on metrological indicators like particle concentration attenuation coefficient, volatile particle removal efficiency, and dilution ratio. Regarding the requirements for determining methyl chloroformate and benzo[a]pyrene pollutants specified in the Euro VI standard, China currently lacks corresponding reference materials and traceability systems. It is necessary to develop compliant reference materials and establish traceability standards to prepare for increasingly updated quality control requirements both domestically and internationally. The article also offers suggestions in response to the proposed European seventh stage emission standard (Euro 7).
Abstract:
Uncertainty evaluation is a crucial component in the dissemination of measurement values. Following the publication of JJF 1059.2-2012 "Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty Using the Monte Carlo Method," this approach has been increasingly applied across various metrological disciplines. Using Python, calculation codes were developed employing both the Monte Carlo method and the adaptive Monte Carlo method. Taking the calibration of a 100 MPa oil-medium piston gauge as an example, the uncertainty of the calibrated effective area was evaluated. The impact of uncertainties and probability distribution models of various input quantities on the output uncertainty was analyzed and compared with results from traditional evaluation methods. The findings indicate that the primary source of uncertainty in the calibration of the piston's effective area is the uncertainty introduced by the standard piston's effective area. Results obtained using the Monte Carlo method align with those from traditional evaluations, both yielding a relative expanded uncertainty (k=2) of 32 ppm. The probability density distribution of the calibrated effective area is determined by the probability density distribution of the main influencing factors.
Abstract:
Over the past decade, cosmetic quality and safety issues have increasingly become a focus of consumer concern. Many well-known cosmetic brands have been reported to contain prohibited or restricted substances, not only harming consumer interests and causing economic losses to cosmetic companies but also challenging regulatory agencies and quality inspection institutions. Cosmetic matrix reference materials, due to their similarity to real samples, are widely used in developing and evaluating analytical methods for cosmetics with similar matrices, laboratory proficiency testing, and quality control of qualitative and quantitative analyses. They play an irreplaceable role in ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and traceability of test results, serving as important "measurement instruments" in the analytical field. This article reviews the development of cosmetic matrix reference materials in China from 1993 to the present. Starting from the definition and classification of cosmetics, it analyzes aspects such as the types of target additives, matrix types, and grading of reference materials. Based on the main challenges faced in this field, it anticipates the demand and trends for cosmetic matrix reference materials and proposes solutions to constraints on their development, aiming to provide references for future research on cosmetic matrix reference materials.
The Evaluation Method and Application Research of Measurement Uncertainty
JIN Haoyuan, LIU Jun
2021, 65(5): 124-131.   doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2020.9002
[Abstract](3117) [FullText HTML](1977) [PDF 655KB](1104)
摘要:
主要介绍了测量不确定度的发展历程、国内外研究现状以及未来可能的发展方向。对7种主要的评定算法进行了介绍和归纳,对测量不确定度在不同领域的应用现状进行了调研和总结。最后,对不同评定算法的适用场景进行了归纳整理,并对测量不确定度未来可能的发展方向进行了探讨。
Application of Digital Twins in Medical and Health Fields and Related Research Progress
CHEN Yuefei, WANG Sisi, TIAN Mingqi, CHEN Chuan
2021, 65(10): 6-9.   doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2021.0050
[Abstract](2222) [FullText HTML](2705) [PDF 540KB](441)
摘要:
数字孪生技术在医疗健康领域应用日益广泛,本文介绍了数字孪生的基本原理,总结了数字孪生技术在医疗健康领域的发展现状与应用,即患者状况实时获取、安全环境提供、全方位的创新服务平台搭建等,指出了数字孪生技术在医疗健康领域的两大发展趋势,并提出在医疗健康领域使用数字孪生技术可能产生的问题。
A Method to Improve the Accuracy of Data Center PUE Based on Energy Measurement
LI Anxiang, SHEN Qingfei, ZHOU Xin, WU Tong, DOU Lilan, ZHANG Yan, GUO Hongbo, HAN Xiangxun
2021, 65(9): 44-47.   doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2020.9010
[Abstract](801) [FullText HTML](358) [PDF 638KB](74)
摘要:
通过调研北京地区12个数据中心的能源计量管理情况,围绕影响计算数据中心电能使用效率(PUE)准确性的主要因素,分析计算PUE时普遍存在的问题,提出利用能源计量管理手段,定期比对计量器具确定其准确性的方法,通过电量分项、分类、分区计量管理,提高数据中心PUE准确性。
The Metrology Technology of Medical Wearable Physiological Parameter Monitoring Equipment
ZHOU Feng, DING Xiang
2021, 65(8): 7-10.   doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2020.9056
[Abstract](765) [FullText HTML](440) [PDF 534KB](171)
摘要:
主要介绍了医用可穿戴生理参数监测设备的发展、应用情况以及涉及的主要技术。目前该类设备尚缺乏专门的计量技术规范,在参考相关传统医疗设备的标准及计量方法的基础上,探索分析了医用可穿戴生理参数监测设备的关键计量参数及技术。
Analysis of an Electrochemical Gas Sensor for Measuring Carbon Monoxide
LI Guangyi
2021, 65(3): 40-43.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-9015.2021.03.08
[Abstract](1058) [FullText HTML](538) [PDF 782KB](57)
摘要:
有毒及易燃易爆气体报警器的周期性检定作为石油、化工等生产性企业安全防护的重要方面,报警器核心部件传感器的线性度、可靠性、检测结果的准确性就显得尤为重要。以一氧化碳有毒电化学式气体传感器为例,对传感器的工作原理及整体工作过程进行了详细分析;对每部分结构的作用进行了简要描述;性能参数指标分情况进行探论。最终对一氧化碳有毒电化学式传感器的线性度、相关性、响应时间、温湿度依赖性进行了有效评估。
Research on the Importance and Development in the Digital Era of Metrology and Measurement
DOU Chen, ZHOU Zili
2022, 66(9): 70-73.   doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2022.0168
[Abstract](796) [FullText HTML](277) [PDF 507KB](136)
摘要:
通过对国民经济数字化转型的分析,研究和探讨了计量的根本任务以及数字计量对国民经济的重要作用,阐述了数字世界计量工作的重要性。通过对数字世界的计量标准和虚拟测量仪器的研究以及对实时远程计量校准的计量模式的分析,为新时代计量发展方向提供了指引。
Calibration: Interpretation of Definition and Expression of Measurement Uncertainty
WANG Weinong
2023, 67(2): 58-61.   doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2022.0225
[Abstract](725) [FullText HTML](282) [PDF 500KB](161)
摘要:
由于现有校准的定义与校准实验室活动之间的差异,校准结果的测量不确定度、校准和测量能力(CMC)和校准证书中测量不确定度表达的规定均存在问题,造成校准结果表达不正确或在应用中不能发挥作用。通过实例说明上述问题在计量确认、标准考核和实验室能力验证中的负面影响;基于校准的定义讨论校准结果及其测量不确定度评定方法,对校准和测量能力、校准证书中的结果及其测量不确定度的表达提出建议。
Recent Prospects on Some Problems in Inertial Technology Metrology
YE Wen, CAI Chenguang, YANG Ping, QUAN Wei, XING Li, HU Ruo
2021, 65(3): 9-14, 52.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-9015.2021.03.02
[Abstract](1022) [FullText HTML](497) [PDF 623KB](140)
摘要:
惯性技术是研究运载体运动信息(位置、速度、姿态等)的获取与感知技术,是一个国家科学技术水平和国防实力的核心标志之一。在国防和国民经济建设重大需求的牵引下,惯性技术一直备受各国的高度重视,属于基础性、战略性和前沿性的军民两用高新技术。在惯性技术中,陀螺仪是测量运载体角速度的核心仪表,是运载体进行姿态调整/控制、实现自主/隐蔽导航的核心信息源之一, 其发展呈高精度和微型化两种趋势。本文总结梳理了惯性技术的发展动态和研究现状, 重点强调了陀螺仪的发展现状及惯性测试计量研究内容, 展望了新SI时代的原子惯性计量。
Research Progress on Common Measurement Methods of Nucleic Acid Reference Materials
CHEN Guifang, OUYANG Yanyan, YANG Jiayi, GAO Yunhua
2021, 65(6): 25-33.   doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2020.9022
[Abstract](1052) [FullText HTML](691) [PDF 1030KB](286)
摘要:
为提高核酸测量的准确性,种类繁多的核酸标准物质被研制出来。标准物质是保证量值准确性与可溯源性的“计量器具”,具有复现、保存和传递量值的功能,可以为核酸定性与定量检测过程的质量控制提供参考。准确可靠的定值方法是标准物质研制的重要基础,详细介绍了几种核酸标准物质测量方法,重点分析了不同测量方法的原理与应用特点,讨论了测量过程中可能存在的影响因素,为核酸标准物质的深入研究提供参考。
Application of FTIR in the Research on Gas Reference Materials
WANG Defa, ZHOU Fengran, YE Jing, ZHANG Tiqiang, ZENG Wu, HAN Qiao
2021, 65(5): 67-76.   doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2020.9041
[Abstract](985) [FullText HTML](717) [PDF 937KB](125)
摘要:
气体标准物质在气体测量领域有广泛的应用,为实现测量结果溯源至国际单位制SI发挥了重要的作用。在气体标准物质研制过程中离不开气体成分的测量,测量方法除了色谱法、质谱法外,光谱法也被广泛应用。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)是一种光谱测量技术,它可以用于原料气体的纯度分析和气体标准物质特性组分和干扰组分的精确测量。介绍了采用FTIR测量几种原料气体中杂质的应用实例,以及在气体标准物质量值测量和国际比对中的一些应用。研究显示FTIR比较适用于活泼性组分的测量和多组分的同步测量,测量过程操作相对简单,不需要像GC或GCMS那样对色谱柱或者色谱参数进行复杂的优化和控制;FTIR同样适用于稳定性气体的测量,例如在温室气体测量中也可以获得较高的重复性和准确性。除此之外,准确的测量结果与所使用的校准方法有关,使用单点精确匹配校准或双点校准,同时采用“参考-样品-参考”的交替测量序列,可以获得相对准确的测量结果。
The Evaluation Method and Application Research of Measurement Uncertainty
JIN Haoyuan, LIU Jun
2021, 65(5): 124-131.   doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2020.9002
[Abstract](3117) [FullText HTML](1977) [PDF 655KB](1977)
Abstract:
In this paper, the development history of measurement uncertainty, the current research status at home and abroad, and the possible future development directions are mainly introduced. The seven main evaluation algorithms are introduced and summarized, and the current situation of the application of measurement uncertainty in different fields is investigated and summarized. Finally, the applicable scenarios of different evaluation algorithms are summarized, and the possible future development directions of measurement uncertainty are discussed.
Application of Digital Twins in Medical and Health Fields and Related Research Progress
CHEN Yuefei, WANG Sisi, TIAN Mingqi, CHEN Chuan
2021, 65(10): 6-9.   doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2021.0050
[Abstract](2222) [FullText HTML](2705) [PDF 540KB](2705)
Abstract:
Digital twins are widely used in medical and health fields. This paper introduces the basics of digital twins, the development status, and their applications in medical and health fields, including real-time acquisition of patient conditions, provision of safe environments, construction of an all-round service platform for innovation, etc. This paper points out two development trends of digital twins in medical and health fields and raises the problems that may arise in the use of digital twins in those fields.