计量科学与技术

Research on the Method for Reproducing Halogen Leak Rate Based on Reference Material

HUANG Zichen, YIN Qiang, YE Lifang, JIA Xiangrui, CHEN Ling, ZHOU Junhong

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0264

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The reference leak used for calibration of halogen leak detectors has always had a high degree of uncertainty. In order to reduce the uncertainty of halogen leak rate values, a method for reproducing leak rate based on gas reference material was proposed. The conversion relationship between gas concentration and leak rate under specific conditions was obtained through formula derivation and verified through experiments. The results showed that the consistency between the reproduced leak rate and the standard leak rate measured by halogen leak detector was excellent (the normalized deviations of the two experiments were 0.41 and 0.21). The components of uncertainty of the reproduced leak rate were analyzed, including gas reference material, inhale flow, temperature, pressure, molar mass and gas constant. After calculation and synthesis, the relative expanded uncertainty of the reproduction leakage rate based on gas reference material was obtained as 2.5% (k=2), which is significantly lower than that of common reference leak, also the method has good operability.

Liver CT Image Segmentation Based on an Improved Region Growing Method

CHEN Jinjin, ZENG Weixian, ZHOU Quan, CAI Yueming

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0293

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Accurate segmentation of liver CT images can provide an objective basis for liver disease research and early diagnosis, and it is also an important traceable project in medical metrology. This paper introduces an improved automatic segmentation method for liver CT images using a region growing approach, detailing the processing steps and implementation scheme. In the improved segmentation method, noise is first removed and image information is enhanced through threshold segmentation and nonlinear mapping. This method was used to segment nine randomly selected abdominal CT image sequences and compare the results with the threshold method. The Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) method is employed for seed point selection and to enhance the region growing conditions. Finally, morphological methods combined with the Canny operator and Flood fill algorithm are used for post-processing to smooth the liver contour and segmentation results. The results show that compared to the threshold method, the region growing method achieves a segmentation accuracy of up to 91.89%, allowing for more precise liver segmentation. Furthermore, the volume overlap error (VOE) and relative volume difference (RVD) statistics of the segmentation results also verify the effectiveness and stability of this method, indicating that it can be effectively applied in liver CT image segmentation and provide reliable support for the diagnosis of liver diseases in clinical medicine.

Methodological Study of Carbon Emission Reduction for Coal Oxy-Fuel Combustion Power Generation Project

XIE Hui, LI Yanghai, XIONG Zhuo, WANG Pingping, ZHANG Junying, ZHAO Yongchun

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0038

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Coal oxy-fuel combustion technology is of great practical significance for efficient carbon reduction in coal-fired power generation. However, there is no clear accounting method for carbon emission reduction in coal oxy-fuel combustion generation project. This study refers to the norms of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the general ideas of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction methodology, and establishes the accounting boundary by determining the baseline scenario. Then the author calculates the carbon emission according to the characteristics of the carbon emission in accordance with the two phases of stationary source combustion and flue gas desulphurization. After that, the author uses the methodology tools to demonstrate the additionality of the coal oxy-fuel combustion generation project, and the results show that the project activity still needs the support of the relevant carbon emission reduction and trading policies to be sustained, which is still far from the mature commercial operation. The project activity has additionality. Combing with the practical application scenario of the carbon flow and accounting methodology, it determines the main accounting process of carbon emission in the process of the project activity, and provides methodological support for the verification of carbon emission reduction in coal oxy-fuel combustion generation projects and the formulation of carbon trading policies. Finally, the methodology is applied to calculate the annual carbon emission reductions of up to one million tones generated by the retrofit of 2×300 MW coal-fired generating units with oxy-fuel combustion technology.

Research Progress on Nucleic Acids Isothermal Amplification Methods of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

ZHAO Yujia, FAN Peilei, LI Ran, LIU Ran, LI Jingjing, ZHAO Haibo, LIANG Liang

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0039

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become an important pathogen of nosocomial and community infections due to its high drug resistance and high mortality rate. PCR-based detection of mecA gene is considered to be the "gold standard" for the detection of MRSA, but this method cannot get rid of the dependence on precision temperature control instruments and is difficult to meet the needs of on-site detection. Different from traditional PCR amplification, nucleic acid isothermal amplification can react at a constant temperature, greatly simplifying the operation process, and is suitable for a variety of application scenarios such as clinical rapid detection, bedside diagnosis in wards, community primary care, and on-site epidemiological investigations. In recent years, nucleic acids isothermal amplification methods, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification and rolling circle amplification have been developed for the detection of MRSA. This article reviews them and provides a reference for the on-site detection of MRSA.

Measurement and Analysis of Graphene Layers Based on Raman Spectroscopy

LV Qingbin, LIANG Junmei, ZHAO Haibo, ZHAO Xiaoning, LIU Ran, WANG Bingyue

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0218

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Graphene material layer control is one of the important indicators to achieve high-quality development of graphene. Accurately measuring the number of layers is the core for the research, development and application of graphene materials, and analyzing the number of layers for graphene materials has a significant impact on their product performance and applications., the necessity of graphene layer number measurement is first described, and then several existing methods for measuring graphene layers are summarized, including optical contrast method, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The number of layers of graphene samples prepared by mechanical exfoliation method is measured and analyzed based on Raman spectroscopy . Meanwhile, the randomly selected graphene samples are measured using Raman spectroscopy. By selecting the testing conditions, the signal value of Raman mode peak for blank substrate silicon is higher than 5000. Under the testing method, the characteristic peaks of silicon Raman modes containing graphene samples are measured, we also calculate the ratio of Raman peak heights between graphene containing samples and blank substrates. Compare this ratio with the theoretical value measured by Raman spectroscopy in the national standard to determine the number of layers for graphene samples. The test results show that the developed technique can measure the layer number of graphene film samples prepared by mechanical stripping method, and further provide a reference for detection analysis of the layer number of graphene materials.

Utilization and Advancement in Reference Materials of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

ZHU Xin, WEI Qi, SU Fuhai

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0181

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of persistent organic pollutants, which are difficult to degrade, bioaccumulative, and have long-range transport properties. Therefore, China, America and the EU have taken a series of legal measures to regulate PFAS since 2023. Reference materials play an important role PFAS regulation and should be given sufficient attention. Currently, the PFAS reference materials system in China is deficient, because not only pure substances and standard solutions, but also isotopically labeled reference substances materials and matrix reference materials need to be further enriched and developed. In addition, this paper reviews the application of some PFAS reference materials in environmental analysis in the past five years, providing underutilized uses for reference materials for environmental analysis and monitoring work. Finally, some suggestions are provided for the construction of the PFAS reference materials system in China.

Comparative Analysis of Energy Spectrum Simulation for Medical Diagnostic X-Rays

XU Jun, HAO Wei, WANG Jiawei, ZHANG Zhicheng, DU Yusheng

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0206

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In order to further understand the radiation characteristics of medical diagnostic X-rays and verify the feasibility of computer energy spectrum simulation, two Monte Carlo simulation programs, EGSnrc and MCNP5, were used to simulate the X-ray energy spectrum distribution under different tube voltages and different additional filter thicknesses, and the energy spectrum database of RQR series radiation qualities was established. The results show that the energy spectrum distribution of X-ray is affected by tube voltage and filter material. In daily practice, when the anode target Angle of the X-ray equipment has been determined, the accurate setting of the tube voltage, regular monitoring of the radiation quality changes, and the necessary adjustment of the additional filtration are necessary means to ensure the consistency of the measurement results of the medical diagnostic equipment. Comparing and analyzing the simulation results of the two software, the average energy difference is less than 2%. EGSnrc has the advantages of easy use, high simulation efficiency and convenient data processing in the process of simulation calculation.

Research Progress of Fluid Viscosity Measurement Technologies

LI Youqiang, WANG Jun, FAN Xu, HOU Likai

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0212

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Viscosity is an important fluid characteristic that measures the magnitude of a fluid's viscosity coefficient. How to choose an appropriate viscosity measurement method is crucial for industrial production and scientific research and development. With the expansion of microfluidic applications in fields such as biomedicine, new energy and new materials, viscosity measurement methods for microfluidics are gradually emerging. To better meet people's needs for selecting viscosity measurement methods and to provide more comprehensive and advanced guidelines for relevant researchers, this article reviews the current status of fluid viscosity measurement technology and divides current viscosity measurement methods into two categories: traditional macroscopic fluid viscosity measurement methods and microfluidic viscosity measurement methods. For traditional macroscopic fluid measurement methods, this article reviews the related methods and devices such as rotational viscometers, oscillatory viscometers, falling viscometers, and ultrasonic viscometers, and introduces their structures, measurement principles, advantages and disadvantages, and current status. For microfluidic viscosity measurement methods, the article introduces several new types of methods and devices, including Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS)-based viscometers, optically based microfluidic viscometers, droplet-based microfluidic viscometers and paper-based microfluidic viscometers. The article explores their structural characteristics, measurement accuracy and principles, and compares them with traditional viscometers to highlight their respective advantages. The conclusion indicates that although traditional viscosity measurement devices are still the preferred choice for large-scale industrial production processes, new microfluidic viscometers are increasingly valued for their advantages, such as small sample size, high measurement efficiency, low cost and compact size. This review provides a valuable reference for selecting the most suitable viscosity measurement method for specific needs.

Research Progress on Different Catalytic Techniques for Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction

DING Chaomin, LI Ke, YAN Yong, WANG Defa, XIAO Zhe, LIU Fan, ZHANG Xin, LI Qi, GUO Xiaoyan, ZHANG Zhengdong

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0201

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Elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂), a typical greenhouse gas, are a major contributor to the global greenhouse effect. With China’s goals of “achieving carbon peak by 2030” and “achieving carbon neutrality by 2060”, how to efficiently convert CO₂ has become an important research direction for Chinese researchers. Carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) is a common means of converting CO₂ into carbon-based fuels and high-value-added products using photocatalytic, thermal catalytic, electrocatalytic, and biocatalytic technologies. However, the above technologies still suffer from low CO₂ conversion efficiency, low target product selectivity, and poor reaction stability. This paper is based on the reaction principles of different catalytic techniques, combined with the characteristics of the catalysts such as material or loading method. Recent research progress in the formation of products such as methanol, methane, and ethylene from carbon dioxide reduction is reviewed. The aim is to provide further guidance for carbon dioxide reduction and utilization.

Research on Ranging Calibration Method Based on Common Optical Path Approach

LIU Hongguang, ZHAO Lingzhe, SUN Quan, FAN Hua, WANG Wei, ZHENG Yelong, ZHAO Meirong

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0110

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In the existing handheld laser rangefinder detection method, there were problems such as shortage of field baseline field and poor practicality of optical path folding method. Therefore, for the problem that it was difficult to establish the detection reference of the length of more than 50 m, a new rangefinder detection method tracing back to the total station was proposed. A highly operable detection device was designed to carry out the detection experiment of the hand-held laser rangefinder signaling error in the measurement section of 50 m-200 m. The experiments showed that the uncertainty of the range detection method based on the common optical path was 1.6 mm at 200 m, which met the requirements of JJG 966-2010 calibration specification for handheld laser rangefinders. Finally, the reliability of the measurement capability of the detection method was verified by comparison experiments. The research method is the first one in China to extend the measurement range of the measurement standard "Handheld Laser Rangefinder Calibration Device" from 50 m to 200 m under the condition of no baseline field, which has outstanding value of popularization and application.

Current situation of thyroid function test standardization

WU Meiran, HAN Liqiao, ZHANG Qiaoxuan

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0132

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The clinical indicators for detecting thyroid function include triiodothyronine, thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, anti-thyrotropin receptor antibody, and thyroglobulin antibodies. Thyroid illness diagnosis and therapy benefit from the standardization and consistency of thyroid function testing programs. At present, some small-molecule hormone items can already achieve standardization, but for protein detection items, due to the complexity of the measurement, there are still difficulties and challenges to achieving standardization. This article summarizes the detection methods of thyroid function examination indicators, the reasons that affect the comparability of results between different methods, and the standardization progress and problems of different detection items.

Research Progress of Graphene Quantum Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots Reference Materials

LIU Ran, LV Qingbin, ZHAO Haibo, LIANG Liang, SHEN Shangyi, ZHAO Xiaoning

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0217

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Graphene quantum dots refer to a new type of fluorescent carbon material with a transverse size of less than 30 nm and a layer number of less than 10 layers. Due to their unique characteristics and broad application prospects, graphene quantum dots have received extensive attention. In this paper, the unique structure, electrical and optical properties of graphene quantum dots are introduced, the main preparation methods of graphene quantum dots are summarized, and their applications in new energy, catalysis, sensing, biomedicine and environmental remediation are introduced in detail. Finally, the research progress of graphene quantum dots standard materials is briefly introduced. Future research on graphene quantum dots is mainly focused on improving the photoluminescent quantum yield and manufacturing output, as well as expanding the application range and preparing graphene quantum dot standard materials. With the progress of new material design concepts and the continuous development of quantum technology, graphene quantum dots and their standard materials are expected to show their unique advantages and application value in more fields.

Research on Characterization Method of Cardiac Troponin I by Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

SUN Haofeng, MA Lingyun, LIU Jianyi, ZHANG Qi, SONG Dewei

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0166

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Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) ranks first among the death factors in China, and is the top priority in the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Myocardial troponin I (cTnI), as the most reliable clinical index of evaluating myocardial injury, is currently the preferred biomarker and gold standard for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Immunology method is a common method of clinical detection AMI, many domestic and foreign diagnostic reagent suppliers can produce cTnI detection kit, but immune testing system from different manufacturers will produce different value results for the same sample, on the one hand, the commercial kits of different suppliers in sensitivity, specificity and selectivity, on the other hand is different kits used in different antibodies, identify antigen epitope region, antibody and serum cTnI sample binding ability differences, resulting in inconsistent results between different manufacturers, thus affect the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. The consistency and accuracy of the quantitative results are closely related to the structure of cTnI. However, due to the complexity of cTnI, the structural characterization of cTnI in the solution state is very challenging. Through experimental condition optimization and data processing parameters, the characterization method of cTnI HDX, based on hydrogen deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) technology, is established, and applied to the study of cTnI. Meanwhile, this method has good universality and can be easily extended to cTnI conformation transition study and the development of kinetic method, which lays the technical foundation for promoting the standardization of cTnI from the perspective of protein structure.

Analysis of the Structural-related Impurities Involved in 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) Purity Reference Material

XIAO Peng, SONG Dan, LI Hongmei

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0134

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Research and development of 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) purity reference material is a way to establish the primary material for clinical measurement value traceability, which can provide more accurate and comparable evidence in thyroid disease diagnosis. In the mass balance quantitative approach, determining and analyzing those structural-related impurities is essential. Such investigation could also be an effective way to reduce the uncertainty of the standard value. First, nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry analytical tools have been employed to validate the chemical structure of the reference material. Then, the structural-related impurities are separated and qualitatively analyzed by using reliable analytical technologies, including high-performance liquid chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and ion mobility spectrometry. The results indicated that there are three kinds of structural-related impurities involved in the T3 purity reference material (NIM-RM3239), which are Diiodo-L-thyronine, Chloro-diiodo-L-thyronine, and L-Thyroxine. The relative content of each impurity is greater than 0.1% in UV 220nm. Furthermore, the chiral isomer separation result indicated that no dextroisomer (D-T3) existed in NIM-RM3239. These analytical results can be utilized as the foundations in the mass balance approach, applied in developing T3 primary certified reference material.

Current Status of Serum Theophylline Standardization in Clinical Laboratories

DU Yuanyuan, ZHANG Qiaoxuan, HAN Liqiao

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0115

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Theophylline is a widely used medication for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It’s essential to accurately monitor the blood concentration of theophylline, due to the significant inter-individual variability and its narrow therapeutic window. Currently, immunoassays, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are commonly used as routine methods for measuring serum theophylline in clinical laboratories. However, there is significant difference among the measurement results of these methods. The reference measurement procedure for serum theophylline in the Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM) database is the isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ID-GC/MS) method. The primary reference material was developed by the UK Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) and China National Institute of Metrology (NIM). No secondary reference material with serum matrix was reported. To ensure the reliability and harmonization of measurement results, it is important to establish a comprehensive traceability chain for the standardization of serum theophylline.

Quantitative Analysis of Recombinant Human Serum Amyloid A by Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry

ZHANG Qi, JIANG Zelin, SONG Dewei

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0163

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Serum amyloid A (SAA) is one of the four inflammation biomarkers in clinical diagnosis. At present, there is no SAA certified reference materials, which cannot achieve traceability and standardization in clinical SAA diagnosis. In this study, the recombinant human serum amyloid A expressed in E. coli was selected as the raw material, and it was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed to study the traceability method. The purity and molecular weight of SAA were analysed by gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results showed that the purity of SAA was >98%, and the molecular weight of 11820.09 Da was consistent with the theoretical value. An absolute quantification method of amino acid analysis-isotope dilution mass spectrometry for SAA was established. The content of phenylalanine, isoleucine and proline in the hydrolysed sample was determined at 8 h of hydrolysis, and the mass concentration of SAA solution was 9.32 µg/g (RSD = 0.91%). An absolute quantification method of signature peptide-isotope dilution mass spectrometry for SAA was established. Within the mass ratio of trypsin and SAA was 1:1 and digestion time was 8 h, the content of peptide EANYIGSDK, GPGGVWAAEAISDAR was detected by IDMS, and the mass concentration of SAA is calculated to 9.41 g/g (RSD = 0.49%). The results of the two methods were consistent by statistical test, and there was no significant difference shown. The quantitative results of this study are traceable to SI units, which lays a foundation for the development of SAA reference materials.

The Development of Small Pulling Force Gauge Calibration Device

ZHANG Duoli, JIN Longxue, WU Yueming

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2021.0037

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Point at present situation of measuring small pulling forcegauge inmetrological service,small pulling forcegauge calibration device was developed,so some matterswhensmallpulling forcegauge is measured usingWeight,for example ,heavy working intensity,unablezeroed and full scale range cannot be measured ,can be solved.

Measurement Comparison of Plasmid DNA Capability by Digital PCR

WANG Xia, NIU Chunyan, LIU Zheng, LU Lin, DONG Lianhua

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2021.0590

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Digital PCR (dPCR) is an absolute quantitative technique of nucleic acid, which is widely used in transgenic and gene detection. In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of digital PCR measurement results in China, 16 laboratories were tested using transgenic plasmid DNA samples. The comparison results showed that the difference between the ratio of foreign gene to internal copy number (<25%) to evaluate the measuring ability of the laboratories. The 16 laboratories were all within the acceptable range, and there was no significant difference among different digital PCR platforms. Due to the influence of plasmid conformation, the absolute copy number content of plasmid DNA measured in 7 laboratories was significantly lower than the reference value. It is suggested that when using digital PCR for quantitative measurement of plasmid DNA copy number, it should be confirmed whether the conformation of plasmid has an effect on amplification.

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2020.0166

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In mmwave technology a low frequency is always multiplied to generate a much higher frequency. Phase noise will be also increased and phase noise test will be more important in mmwave band. It is limited with spectrum analyzer method because of some reasons. And phase noise analyzer can only cover up to 50 GHz in a single unit. After the basic introduction of phase noise test technology in mmwave band two external mixer method is provided. Result shows that with this method we can get a stable test result.

Research on Calibration Method of Pre-Warning and Pollution Source Identification Online System Based on Fingerprint

SHA Yuebing, SONG Xiaohui, WU Chenfan

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0146

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With the leap from current monitoring to early warning and traceability monitoring in water environment monitoring, Improving the ability of water pollution warning and tracing has become an important component of building water environment monitoring system. The online fluorescence fingerprint warning and tracing system for water quality is key equipment for quickly and accurately realizing water pollution warning and tracing, The accuracy and reliability of its performance directly affect the effectiveness of the detection results. Regarding the current lack of national metrological technical specifications for effective traceability of online water quality fluorescence fingerprint traceability systems in China, In order to improve its traceability system and ensure the accuracy of water environment pollution monitoring results, This article introduces the calibration method of the online water quality warning and traceability system based on its structure and working principle, Calibration projects such as signal-to-noise ratio, zero drift, range drift, repeatability, measurement linearity, and detection limit are proposed. At the same time, calibration examples and the evaluation process of uncertainty in detection limit measurement results are provided. The signal-to-noise ratio S/N is 259.91; The measured linear correlation coefficient is 0.9986; The limit of detection is 0.0017 mg/L with an expanded uncertainty to be 0.0010 mg/L（k=2）; Zero drift is 0.19%; Range drift is 0.40%; The measurement repeatability is 2.15%. The results indicate that this calibration method can accurately and reliably evaluate the comprehensive performance of the online water ripple warning and traceability system, and the calibration process and uncertainty assessment examples can provide reference for the calibration work of related instruments.

Progress in Peptide Chemical Synthesis and its Metrology

ZHAO Yue, ZHAO Haibo, LENG Xiaojing, ZHAO Xiaoning, WANG Bingyue

, Available online , doi: 10.12338/j.issn.2096-9015.2024.0215

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Peptides are an important class of organic molecules in life bodies, and they participate in life activities together with proteins. Peptides, which have strong biological activity and biological functions, have been widely used in new materials, biological medicine, food, cosmetics and other fields. And they have tremendous social and economic value. In recent years, the rapid development of peptide synthesis technology, especially the rapid development of peptide chemical synthesis method, has greatly accelerated the development and application of peptide products. In the face of more and more peptide products on the market, the market demand for biological activity analysis of peptide compounds is increasing. And at the same time, the standardization of quality control of peptide products is also put forward. As a science of measurement, metrology technology can ensure that the measurement results can be reproduced and traced, and plays a critical role in the development and production of peptides and the quality control of related products. Developing peptide/protein metrology, which focuses on the research to achieve the accuracy and consistency of biological measurement and to ensure the measurement results can be traced to the international system of Units (SI), is an urgent and arduous task for metrology workers. This paper comprehensively introduces the chemical synthesis strategies of peptides, along with the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, and application values. Meanwhile, the development, application and challenges of peptide/protein metrology are also introduced. This article intends to provide a reference for the quality control of peptide/protein products.

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