Abstract: Inertial technology is the acquisition and perception technology for studying carriers’ motion information such as the position, velocity, and attitude, etc. It has become one of the core signs of national scientific and technological level and national defense strength. With the impetus of the demand from national defense and national economic construction, inertial technology has been highly valued by all countries, which is an essential, strategic, and forefront dual-use high technology. As the core instrument for measuring the angular velocity of carriers in the area of inertial technology, a gyroscope is one of the core information sources to adjust/control the attitude of carriers and realization of autonomous/covert navigation, with the development trend in high precision and miniaturization. This paper summarizes the development of inertial technology, emphasizes the development of gyroscopes and the research of metrology in inertial testing, and looks forward to inertial measurement based at the atomic level in the new SI era.